What: Hoping that users might mistype and download the malware instead of legitimate pykafka. Who: Targeted the Rust development community. What: Supply chain attack with screencapture, keylogging, remote file retrieval. Exploited CVE-2020-9934 which was closed macOS Catalina 10.5.6 in August 2020. ![]() What: Spyware downloader that uses public cloud storage services such as Dropbox, Yandex Disk and pCloud. What: VPN app with two malicious binaries: ‘softwareupdated’ and ‘covid’. Who: Very specific target as pkexec is rarely found on Macs. Targeting a vulnerability in a 3rd party Unix tool. What: Provides a backdoor onto the target system. More here: Pirated copies of Final Cut Pro may infect your Mac. ![]() Who: People who download pirated versions of Final Cut Pro using a torrent client. Apple says it has updated macOS’s Xprotect to catch this malware. The malware can avoid detection by Activity Monitor app by stopping running when Activity Monitor launches and relaunching when the user quits Activity Monitor. Mined cryptocurrency is sent to the attacker’s wallet. XMRig is actually a legitimate, open-source utility, but in this illegitimate use it is running in the background mining, which affects performance of the Mac. What: Crypto-mining software attached to pirated copies of Final Cut Pro that are downloaded from unauthorized distribution points on the internet. For more information read: Scary ‘MacStealer’ malware goes after iCloud passwords and credit card data. Who: Macs running macOS Catalina or later, with either Intel or Apple M-series chips. What: The MacStealer malware can get passwords, cookies, and credit card data from Firefox, Google Chrome, and Brave browsers, including being able to extract the Ke圜hain database. However, malware, dubbed Silver Sparrow, was found on the M1 Mac soon after launch so even Apple’s own chips are not immune.Ĭurious to know what Mac viruses are out there, perhaps because you were thinking you might spy some suspicious processes or malware names in Activity Monitor on your Mac? In this article we will endeavour to give you a complete list. Even Apple’s Craig Federighi has admitted there is a problem, saying in May 2021 that: “We have a level of malware on the Mac that we don’t find acceptable.” To stay safe, we recommend you read our best Mac security tips and our round up of the best Mac antivirus apps, in which we highlight Intego as our top pick.Īnother thing to note is that Apple’s own M-series chips that it has been using in Macs since November 2020 are considered more secure than Intel processors. In recent years malware on the Mac actually decreased, however, as you will see if you read on, Macs are not completely safe from attacks. For more information read: how Apple protects you from malware. We also discuss whether Macs need antivirus software separately. This is part of Apple’s Gatekeeper software that blocks apps created by malware developers and verifies that apps haven’t been tampered with. Apple has all the malware definitions in its XProtect file which sits on your Mac, and every time you download a new application it checks that none of those definitions are present. ![]() In addition Apple has its own built-in anti-malware tool. If you were to install something from an unknown developer Apple would warn you to check it’s authenticity. You can specify whether only apps from the Mac App Store can be installed, or if you are happy to allow apps from identified developers too. You can check these settings in macOS Ventura’s System Settings > Privacy & Security and scroll to the Security section, or, if you are using Monterey or older, go to System Preferences > Security & Privacy > General. For example, macOS shouldn’t allow the installation of third-party software unless it’s from the App Store or identified developers. Luckily Apple has various measures in place to guard against such threats.
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![]() Livingston's song "Love Cannot Be Broken" was in the soundtrack of Nobelity- a documentary about the world as seen through the eyes of various Nobel laureates, directed and produced by Turk Pipkin. 1 on the Billboard 200 charts and went platinum. The rapper's song contained a music sample of "Hold On", a song written by Livingston and Ray Wylie Hubbard and recorded by the Lost Gonzo Band but never formally released (but it was released by McKendree Spring on their 1975 album, Get Me to the Country). In 2004, American rap artist Lloyd Banks of G-Unit recorded a song titled "Warrior" on his debut album The Hunger for More. ![]() Nunn), "Head Full of Nothin'" (co-written with Rick Fowler), and "It's a Good Night for Singing" (1976 It's a Good Night for Singing), "Roll on Down the Road" (1977 A Man Must Carry On), "Bittersweet" (1981 Reunion), "Gonzo Compadres" (1993 Viva Luckenbach), "Life's Too Short" (1996 Scamp), "Wanted for Love" co-written with Lane Bybee (1998 Cowboy Boots and Bathing Suits). ![]() Songs for Walker include "Public Domain" (1975 Ridin' High) (co-written with Gary P. The Lost Gonzo band returned for shows in 20.īob Livington's songs have appeared in The Lost Gonzo Band's albums, his solo records, and in Jerry Jeff Walker's albums throughout Walker's career. The Lost Gonzo Band recorded three nationally released albums with Capitol Records and MCA. Livingston and the Lost Gonzo Band lent their talents to Jerry Jeff Walker for his seminal album Viva Terlingua, among many other records in Walker's career. With Murphey and Walker, The Lost Gonzo Band helped bring about the progressive country genre, and along with the redneck rock and outlaw country movements, helpred define a distinct "Austin Sound". Įventually, Murphey and Walker's interchangeable band condensed into their own group, called The Lost Gonzo Band. īy 1971, Livingston had relocated to Austin, Texas and was playing in a band that switched between Michael Murphey and Jerry Jeff Walker. Livingston joined Michael Murphey's band playing bass, touring and recording together on Murphey's albums Geronimo's Cadillac and Cosmic Cowboy Souvenir. After meeting fellow Texas musician Michael Murphey in California, Livingston moved to Wrightwood, California and collaborated in a songwriting venture with Murphey, forming a music publishing company called Mountain Music Farm with other songwriters Roger Miller and Guy Clark. While playing in Aspen, Colorado in 1970, Livingston was discovered by talent scout and artist agent, Randy Fred, and was signed to Capitol Records. There, he met a folk group called Three Faces West, whose members included Texas artist Ray Wylie Hubbard, Rick Fowler and Wayne Kidd. Livingston left Lubbock in 1969 and moved to Red River, New Mexico. ![]() In 1968, he opened a folk club in Lubbock called The Attic, and shortly afterwards left Lubbock to pursue his own career in music. Livingston sharpened his skills as a guitarist and singer while attending Lubbock High and Texas Tech University. By the mid-1960s, he was active on the Lubbock music scene that was blossoming at the time along with several other Texas music artists such as Jimmy Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely, Butch Hancock, Terry Allen, Jesse Taylor and David Halley. Livingston was born in San Antonio, Texas, but was raised in Lubbock. Howlin' Dog Records released Livingston's latest CD, Up The Flatland Stairs, January 10, 2018. In January 2016, Livingston was inducted into the Texas Music Legends Hall of Fame in 2016 and into the West Texas Music Walk of Fame in 2018. Livingston's CD, Gypsy Alibi, released by New Wilderness Records in 2011, won the "Album of the Year" at the Texas Music Awards. He has toured without stop for 47 years, and is one of the most experienced and world traveled musicians in all of Texas music. Over the years, Bob Livingston has gained a reputation as a band leader, solo artist, session musician and sideman in folk, Americana and country music. Livingston was a key figure in the Cosmic Cowboy, progressive country and outlaw country movements that distinguished the Austin, Texas music scene in the 1970s. Bob Livingston (born Robert Lynn Livingston November 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, guitarist, bass player, and a founding member of The Lost Gonzo Band. Providing the perfect foundation for an on-trend outdoor space this year is Trex Transcend ® Lineage ™ decking. According to this recent online poll, light neutral hues are expected to permeate home exteriors in 2023 due to their ability to create a sense of calm and serenity. The biophilic influence of nature on home design – both indoors and out – will be evident in everything from material choices to colors. As we head into peak outdoor living season for 2023, we already feel the momentum and demand building as homeowners continue to invest in optimizing their outdoor spaces as functional and stylish extensions of their homes.”įollowing are five trends that Trex expects to shape backyards in 2023: ![]() “Based on what we are seeing and hearing from our consumers, trade and retail partners, the focus on outdoor living shows no signs of slowing. “Spending time with friends and family has never been more valued and backyards are often the epicenter for home entertaining,” said Leslie Adkins, vice president of marketing and ESG development for Trex Company, the world’s largest manufacturer of composite decking and railing, a leader in high-performance, low-maintenance outdoor living products. Based on input from consumers, contractors, retailers and industry insiders, along with its own expertise, this annual report projects backyard and outdoor trends for the year ahead. For homeowners looking to make the most of their outdoor spaces this year, Trex Company has just released its 2023 Outdoor Living Trends Forecast. WINCHESTER, Va., Ma(GLOBE NEWSWIRE) - According to leading real estate website Zillow, a functional outdoor space is the most sought-after amenity among today’s homebuyers. ![]() Animation Love GIF art, Heart Deco, food, united States, hearts png 5000x4279px. 2,447 Best Falling Heart Free Video Clip Downloads from the Videezy community. Simply put, players can instantly gain hearts after drinking the magical liquid. GIF Heart Pastel Tenor, heart, love, heart, color png 500x500px 59.2KB. Glitter Gifs Get The Best Gif On Giphy Heart background for valentine's day moving heart shapes and glowing particles on red background paper valentine hearts falling down hanging on string blue background 200x200 - With tenor, maker of gif keyboard, add popular falling hearts background animated gifs to your conversations. Apostasy itself, or falling off from the living God and thus. Whether it’s a heartwarming scene from a movie or TV show, an adorable animal, or a heart-shaped balloon floating in the sky, these GIFs are sure to make you smile. 3 Potion of slow falling The slow-falling potion is brewed using phantom. They do alway err in their heart Their affections are set on earthly things, and they. Who needs Photoshopdd falling rain to an. LoveThisPic offers Falling Hearts Valentines Day Gif pictures, photos & images, to be used on Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter and other websites. This collection of heart GIFs is sure to fill you with warmth and happiness. You can even upload your own fonts to the editor and use them to add the text. ![]() It was a clear day, and yet there seemed an intangible pall over the face of things, a subtle gloom that made the day dark, and that was due to the absence of sun. There was no sun nor hint of sun, though there was not a cloud in the sky. It was a steep bank, and he paused for breath at the top, excusing the act to himself by looking at his watch. London brings man battling with nature theme into his story by the depiction of the character.Day had broken cold and gray, exceedingly cold and gray, when the man turned aside from the main Yukon trail and climbed the high earth-bank, where a dim and little-traveled trail led eastward through the fat spruce timberland. He continually would check out, looking out for outside risks similar as prey would do. He additionally, all through the whole story, behaves like a wild animal. The man does not have a friend, just the husky that follows him. The person that London presents is secluded from the world. It is threatening and cold, which takes place in the wild. ![]() The picked setting by London makes a particular and hopeful mindset for his heartbreaking story. In the chosen work, the setting is an important piece of the whole story. The subject and setting assume a major part in the story and what message London leaves to readers. Formalist Criticism is various sorts of literary components that are found in the text. In To Build a Fire, symbolism, setting, and characterization are utilized to show the man’s ignorance. I decide to implement the formalist analysis in responding to the interesting questions on the story. How does nature influence the main character’s decisions? The questions to ask about the story are the following: The man’s musings make no difference even with the alarming signals from the cold Yukon if he has a creative mind. In To Build a Fire, London shows readers that nature’s actual worth lies in its dispassion to humankind. This dismal and shocking completion of a story after such a long struggle and devotion is an indicator of realism. ![]() This is an incredible illustration of realism since it is reality and does not relieve the story.Ī solid part of realism is also displayed toward the story’s finish, as the man passes on and the dog is left alone. He does not have the food or supplies to keep him alive in low temperatures. One illustration of realism is when the man walks light with no sled, so he does not need to take a lot with him. Realism is the disposition of rehearsing or tolerating a circumstance as it is ready to manage it as needs be. Realism represents that a choice of a person comes from his reaction to a specific circumstance. The man cannot recognize the risk in the regular habitat, and that absence of awareness becomes his demise. He does not see the very low temperature as a risk but as a minor issue. There is a scholarly cacophony in the man’s capacity to apply his insight to good endurance. At the start of the story, the storyteller remarks that “he was quick and alert in the things of life, but only in the things, and not in the significances” (London 3). His insight into the weather and landscape does not help him against the brutal winter since he trusts his strength. The low temperature appears to him as something endurable. The dog’s instincts tell it that “the man does not believe the cold to be a serious danger,” however the man does not perceive it as an actual problem (London 8). The preeminent struggle of the story is that of endurance in outrageous conditions. The focal topic of the story is, by all accounts, the fight between man and the natural world. To illustrate the naturalist development, London’s To Build a Fire presents a force battle among people and nature. At the point when it is clear the man is dead, his dog abandons him, heading for the glow and food of the mining camp. Tragically, his fire comes up short, and the man winds up sticking to death. He falls through some ice and considers continuing, requiring building a fire to warm himself. ![]() He decides to go toward his camp on a chilly, windy evening ignoring warnings from knowledgeable people. To Build a Fire is the narrative of an excavator who has gone to the Yukon to discover gold. ![]() Today's Greenwood, SC Obituaries Greenwood obits and death notices from funeral homes, newspapers and families. Greenwood County Coroner Sonny Cox said Roger Keith. A 43-year-old Woodruff man died Monday night after his motorcycle crashed into a fence in Hodges, officials said Tuesday morning.A 16-year-old juvenile male was also taken into custody related to this incident.Greater Greenwood obituaries from the The Index-Journal and other South Carolina obituary sources. What.The Index-Journal newspaper has delivered high-quality journalism to and about Greenwood, South Carolina, and surrounding communities for more than 10 … 27,397 people like this 29,779 people follow this 161 people …Onjayla Lakia Wiggins, 19, of Greenwood, has been charged with Accessory After the Fact of Murder.The Index-Journal Greenwood, South Carolina Tue,.The Index-Journal Greenwood, South Carolina Wed, Greenwood Greenwood Obituaries Sort By: Colleges Newspapers Funeral Homes Local obituaries for Greenwood, South Carolina 1,440 Obituaries Wednesday, …Obituary for Ashley C. Marvin Ray Kinney, 83, husband of Patricia Logan Kinney, resident of Greenwood, passed away April 14, 2023, at his home. Who Where Receive obituaries Bob Torlina Ma(85 years old) View obituary Franklin Douglas Smith MaView obituary Betty Buff Marvin Ray Kinney. Find an obituary, get service details, leave condolence messages or send flowers or gifts in memory of a loved one. 2632 Obituaries Search Greenwood obituaries and condolences, hosted by.On Tuesday, Greenwood County Council heard a. DAMIAN DOMINGUEZ | INDEX-JOURNAL Love them or hate them, many communities rely on speed bumps and humps to slow traffic through their neighborhoods.It was …Greenwood Greenwood Obituaries Sort By: Colleges Newspapers Funeral Homes Local obituaries for Greenwood, South Carolina 1,440 Obituaries Wednesday, … HONEA PATH - Arthur Claude Thompson, 84, resident of Honea Path, widower of Rachel Elizabeth Crenshaw …The Greenwood County Coroner reported that Roger Keith Gregory, 43 of Breezy Hill Lane of Woodruff SC was pronounced deceased at the scene of the accident. ![]() ![]() Greenwood today index journal obituaries. ![]() A product's vendor has to release security fixes for any vulnerabilities found throughout a product's lifetime.Īny company that wanted to keep working with Silverlight had ample time to download all the tooling before it was removed. More importantly, Silverlight creates a security burden. Those downloads and docs have to be migrated or even rewritten each time the web site changes, and take storage and bandwidth. It's not just that maintaining downloads and docs isn't free. Microsoft really did phase Silverlight's removal over 8 years. That's 4 years after SL was discontinued. Even in 2016 the SDK was still available. ![]() There's no mention about the SDK, and in fact, removing the SDK download would be a great way to stop people from creating new Silverlight projects. Microsoft already explains in the EOL page that the runtime installer will be available only up to October 2021. EOL means the vendor has no obligation to keep anything online. I had proposed Silverlight for a new project only a few months earlier, so I remember the embarrassment.ĭisappearing SDK links? That's to be expected and may even be on purpose. It wasn't even a sudden change back in 2012, when Microsoft announced they'd discontinue Silverlight. The APIs are very different from SL, instead of XAML you work with HTML, but that means you also get the latest browser features and Web technologies out of the box.įinally, one could completely rewrite the application in a modern SPA JavaScript framework like React, Angular or Vue. ![]() This is perhaps the easiest option, requiring minimal rewrite but also not offering all the benefits of a modern platform.Īnother option is to move to Blazor and specifically Blazor WASM. This means it can run on all modern browsers and OS.NET Rocks show 1698 discusses OpenSilver and how to migrate. One option is to migrate to OpenSilver, an open-source implementation of Silverlight on WASM that doesn't require plugins. Let’s see how we can use a Silverlight-enabled website in Microsoft Edge Chromium 1) When we visit the site we’ll see a Click now to install button that used to download and install Silverlight, but that recently stopped working. ![]() You may be able to use them to keep your application alive for a while but you really have to start migrating. The answer to this possibly duplicate question shows where to find the SL 5 Developer runtime and links to the SL Releases page which includes the last SL 5 download from January 2019. No other browser supports the plugins required for SL5 (or plugins in general) There are also some problems when installing Silverlight caused by your antivirus, so make. Install Silverlight manually from the Microsoft site. The reason you can't find Silverlight tools in VS 2015 and later is they were never released.īy now, SL 5 only runs on IE 10/11 on Windows 7. Select View all from the top left corner of the window. It already reached End-Of-Support in January 2020. Silverlight applications, which are still supported by the companys web browser Internet Explorer 11, will continue to work after end of support but Microsoft wont produce updates of any kind for the technology anymore. A link to the plug-in is available on Microsofts Silverlight. 10 Microsoft will end support for all versions of the Silverlight development framework on October 12, 2021. Silverlight was discontinued in 2012 and reaches End-Of-Life in one year+1 week (October 12, 2021). Access to TUChart requires the installation of Microsofts Silverlight browser plug-in. If you visit a web page with malicious Silverlight code, it may have the same effect as choosing to run malware-infected software.No matter where you find the tooling, you have to migrate. However, when browsing the Internet, the Silverlight plug-in will execute any Silverlight applications embedded in the web pages you visit. Microsoft Silverlight acts as an interpreter to execute Web applications on different operating systems, so if you plan to run Silverlight applications found on the Web, you need the Silverlight plug-in otherwise, you don't need the plug-in. A set of source code files are programmed and then converted by an interpreter to run on different operating systems, saving developers from having to maintain multiple codebases. Is Silverlight Worth?Ĭross-platform development frameworks make life easier for programmers. If you have had a previous version of Silverlight installed, or are using Mozilla Firefox, you will need to restart your browser. Click Install now after reviewing the license agreement and privacy statement.Ģ. If you are running the Windows Vista operating system, you will be prompted for security permissions. Since Silverlight is longer supported, you can go to the third-party website to download it.ġ. Read More How to Download and Install Silverlight If you want the full details on Silverlight's October retirement, check out Microsoft's support doc (opens in new tab).It lists many nuggets of useful information, such as that past October 12. ![]() Technically, this functionality was available 3rd party through the different storage services’ apps, but now it is tightly integrated into the fabric of iOS. Whether searching through local files, iCloud, Box, or Google Drive users can organize, open, and delete files from the comfort of their iOS devices. Adding attachments to an email is much smoother and quicker than it once was and even when adding photos to a blog-as I personally tested for this post with an iPad Pro-has become a better way to get work done on the go.įiles is a new native app for iOS that is integrated directly into iOS 11. Being able to split screen and drag and drop files makes a more compelling reason to use iPad for work in both business and an educational context. Multi-Touch with drag and drop may seem like a small addition, but it makes a big difference in the day-to-day. Efficiency and accessibility are getting even better for iPad with iOS 11. There’s a keyboard, there’s a pencil, and there’s a lot more processing potential. IPad, and especially the iPad Pro, has recently become much more of a productivity powerhouse. So, there is now excitement around DEP for those already invested in iOS as well as those with management aspirations around Apple TV. Adding any device into DEP will be especially useful for businesses with multiple buying centers or entities as well as schools who have devices donated, for example.Įarlier this year Apple TV was also added into DEP. After devices are included, they join provisionally for 30 days, during which users can opt out. This is to protect personally owned devices from unintentionally being added. Now with iOS 11, any device will be able to be added to DEP using Apple Configurator 2.5 or later. Previously, only devices purchased directly from Apple, an Apple authorized reseller, or an authorized carrier could be added into DEP. The Device Enrollment Program (DEP) allows for organization owned Apple devices to be enrolled over-the-air for better control and visibility as well as simple, zero-touch management. Let’s go through a few of these to stay in-the-know with what’s new and noteworthy.Īdd any device into the Device Enrollment Program (DEP) The list of many helpful new additions to iOS 11 includes a big win for the Device Enrollment Program, Multi-Touch with drag and drop, file exploration, a new dock, updates to app switching, and an all-new Control Center, among others. However, there is a lot baked into iOS 11 itself that extends the current state of excitement around Apple to organizations in both education and the enterprise. Although the iPhone X, iPhone 8, and iPhone 8 Plus are exciting for many, they won’t change the everyday activities and workflow for everyone. ![]() IOS 11 goes live today around 10 am Pacific Time. Much props to all who came before me especially haugena who put it all together here.Systems Manager continues zero-day support and leaps in productivity with iOS 11 If you dont do it in this exact way, you get a "invalid profile" message on the ipod and a "MCProfileErrorDomain - 0x3e8 (1000)" error on apple configurator. It will now show in jamf and you can apply your policy against it. ![]() Erase all settings and configuration (reset the ipad).ġ0.) becuase you reassinged in step 8, the next time it boots up it has the remote management, and it able to pull down and install a profile. Once its at the home screen, go into settings -> general -> reset and go to the bottom. Just keep clicking through and don't worry. It will look like you are setting it up with NO management. Change the MDM server to JSS (your jamf server).ĩ.) You will now go back to the ipod. Use the certificate from your JSS when prompted for which certificate to install.ħ.) You are then dumped back at the menu with a picture of your ipod there.Ĩ.) AT THIS POINT, go to, look up the serial number of your device. For the MDM server, put in (This was the most confusing part for me! as i assume it would be some variation on a JSS url and took days to figure that out)Ħ.) Keep clicking through the settings. Uncheck the one that says "auto enrollment". This will share the internet that is on the laptop so you dont have to type any password into the device or install a wireless profile.Ĥ.) Select the ipod in apple configurator and the prepare menu will be shown.ĥ.) click prepare. Install apple configurator 2 on it.Ģ.) Fire up apple configurator and plug in your ipod.ģ.) in system preferences -> sharing -> internet sharing, turn it on and select the ipod USB item. Unless your Account is used to: a) make at least one call, SMS or MMS to another number (not including calls to emergency services or Member Services). Source: How to get unlimited minutes on my tracfone.Before we can proceed with the APN settings for all carriers, here is how to manually set a new APN Settings (Config) for any of the network providers mentioned below: For Android : … boss fell in love with me drama Your sim will deactivate after six months of non usage. 4 CREATE PASSWORDDon’t delay, get a free giffgaff sim with unlimited data now to get £5 free credit. You will receive a confirmation email with your username. 3 REGISTER EMAIL Enter your email and click "Next". ![]() Activate giffgaff SIM 2 ACTIVATION CODE Enter the 6-digit code printed on your giffgaff SIM card and click "Activate your SIM". folkestone hotels 1 ACTIVATE SIM Click the following button to access giffgaff's secure activate page. At, playing “The Sims” is pretty straightforward. “The Sims 2” can also be played online free at. There are many online iCloud Activation Lock removal services in the market As of May 2015, “The Sims” can be played online at, ea.com, and a10.com. Now you can use iPhone with a new Apple ID. After unlocking iPhone with the iCloud removal tool, you can click OK to end up the process. You’ll always need to apply gentle pressure, both while removing the SIM card from the iPhone or iPad and also while inserting a SIM card into the SIM slot of your iOS device.Step 4 Wait for a while to bypass iCloud Activation Lock on iPhone or iPad. Simply place the SIM card onto the SIM tray in the correct orientation, then insert the tray back into the SIM slot and gently push it back into the slot.īe careful never to apply a lot of force or pressure. To insert the SIM card tray back into the iPhone or iPad, you don’t need the SIM ejector tool.
![]() Lumen acidification also regulates the oxidation of plastoquinol by the cytochrome b 6 f complex, slowing electron transfer from PSII and preventing the accumulation of electrons on PSI, which can otherwise lead to photodamage ( Nishio and Whitmarsh, 1993 Hope et al., 1994). Acidification of the thylakoid lumen activates the photoprotective energy-dependent exciton quenching (q E) process, which dissipates excess absorbed light energy in the photosynthetic antenna complexes by the activation of violaxanthin deepoxidase ( Demmig-Adams and Adams, 1992) and protonation of PsbS ( Li et al., 2004). In addition to its role in energy conservation, the pmf is also critical for feedback regulation of photosynthesis ( Cruz et al., 2005). The vectorial transfer of electrons across the membrane is tightly coupled with the generation of the pmf, composed of both electric field (Δ ψ) and pH (ΔpH) gradients. In oxygenic photosynthesis, light energy is captured by pigments in light-harvesting complexes and transferred to a subset of chlorophylls in photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII), where it drives the extraction of electrons from water and their transfer through redox cofactors to ultimately reduce NADP +. The thylakoid proton motive force ( pmf), the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of protons generated during the light reactions of photosynthesis, is a fundamental entity of bioenergetics, coupling light-driven electron transfer reactions to the phosphorylation of ADP via the ATP synthase ( Avenson et al., 2004 Kramer and Evans, 2011). The effects are seen even in wild type plants, especially under fluctuating illumination, suggesting that Δ ψ-induced photodamage represents a previously unrecognized limiting factor for plant productivity under dynamic environmental conditions seen in the field. Detailed analyses indicate this effect is related to an elevated electric field (Δ ψ) component of the pmf, rather than lumen acidification, which in vivo increased PSII charge recombination rates, producing singlet oxygen and subsequent photodamage. We observed the expected pmf-dependent alterations in photosynthetic regulation, but also strong effects on the rate of photosystem II (PSII) photodamage. We investigated the effects of elevated pmf on photosynthesis in a library of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with altered rates of thylakoid lumen proton efflux, leading to a range of steady-state pmf extents. The thylakoid proton motive force ( pmf) generated during photosynthesis is the essential driving force for ATP production it is also a central regulator of light capture and electron transfer. |